Using test kits for ammonia and nitrate

[JB NY]

Hi Randy,

At IMAC Tim Hovanec (http://www.marineland.com/drtims.asp) from Marineland was answering some questions when a discussion came up about testing for ammonia. Tim recommended not testing for ammonia or low level nitrates as they are both very hard to actually read with test kits used in the hobby. He recommended testing for Nitrite as it is easier to test for.

Any truth to this?

[Randy Holmes-Farley]

I don't know. I've not heard that. I also wouldn't assume that they are good surrogates for each other.

Maybe Habib or Boomer can comment better.

[JB NY]

OK, thanks

His comment on the nitrite was that basically if you test positive on nitrites you know you have something going on in your water. Where as sometimes you can have ammonia and the test kit is not reading it, as well as low levels of nitrate that are not picked up. At least I think that was his point ;)

[Randy Holmes-Farley]

Sounds like he might be trying to get folks to stop testing salt mix for ammonia. :lol:

[JB NY]

:lol:

[Habib]

Tim recommended not testing for ammonia or low level nitrates as they are both very hard to actually read with test kits used in the hobby.

He is probably commenting on their own testkits. :D

[beaslbob]

Actually i kinda, sorta, maybe agree.

If I had to just use one or two test kits, I prefer nitrItes and ph in that order.

And I had to do that before I could afford more complete test kits.

[JB NY]

Tim only brought this up after more than a few people during the Q&A part asked how come when cycling a tank, they never were able to test ammonia with their tests kits (some used more than one brand).

[Habib]

Originally posted by JB NY
Tim only brought this up after more than a few people during the Q&A part asked how come when cycling a tank, they never were able to test ammonia with their tests kits (some used more than one brand).


When cycling a tank a nitrite kit is IMO sufficient. Only if no nitrite peak is seen I would test for Ammonia as well.

[Salifert]

Hey Habib:

We also need to sell more ammonia test kits so don't give such advices.




Just joking...:D

[Randy Holmes-Farley]

OK, now that's weird. Habib is talking to himself? :lol:

And he has a new job at PETCO? :lol: :lol: :lol:

[Randy Holmes-Farley]

Oh, I get it now. His kids have move to the US, and need money for college. :D

[kbd]

Related issue (tho' not a kid) ...

(a) In the presence of nitrite (or ammonium), is a nitrate reading reliable ? Eg on the Salifert brand ? Are there possible problems with others (obviously I only need this as deep background information) ?

(b) Normally, can a tank develop nitrite without going thru' an ammonium stage ? In which case a nitrite reading is pretty useful.

(Some local discussion provoked by Randy's comments about nitrites possibly not being so toxic as we are often lead to believe.)

:)

kim

[Randy Holmes-Farley]

In the presence of nitrite (or ammonium), is a nitrate reading reliable ?

No, nitrate readings are artificially high in the presence of significant nitrite, at least with the Salifert kit. The reason is that the kit makes a small amount of nitrite out of the nitrate, so existing nitrite can look like a larger amount of nitrate.

I'm am not familiar with any other cross problems, although they may exist.

A tank could theoretically develop nitrite without ever having had detectable ammonia. Why would the nitrite be useful then?

[beaslbob]

perhaps that is why I always saw a nitrIte spike the pegged the kit (aquarium phar*** and others) then dropped in couple of days. Seemed almost like binary test at times.

Randy also thanks for the nitrite not being that harmful. In my original simple 10g years ago, I added a neon gobie and the nitrites spiked for at least two weeks. Then finally dropped down when I stopped feeding the fish. Despite the high nitrIte reading for three weeks, the fish did fine, and showed no signs of stress.

[Habib]

Randy also thanks for the nitrite not being that harmful.

In a book published in 1981 (5th edition) by Frank de Graaf who was the curator of the aquariumin Amsterdam he says that many marine fish can tolerate nitrite upto 10 ppm however invertebrates are far more sensitive to nitrite than marine fish.

IMO there is also a difference between spiking water with nitrite and observing it's effects and between detecting nitrite without any addition of nitrite.

Detecting nitrite without any intentional addition of it might also say that something is malfunctioning and that something might be wrong. So also an indirect sensor of many other things.

[Habib]

Originally posted by Randy Holmes-Farley
OK, now that's weird. Habib is talking to himself? :lol:

And he has a new job at PETCO? :lol: :lol: :lol:

:D

I was just joking.

FWIW the Salifert screen name has just been activated a few days ago and is to make a distinction between Habib (more a hobbyist) and Salifert (more commercial).

Also some of my people could also post under the screen name Salifert. :)

[Habib]

Randy:

A tank could theoretically develop nitrite without ever having had detectable ammonia. Why would the nitrite be useful then?

Often when starting a new tank with some live rock to start the cycle the bacteria population will change.

Quite often nitrite will build up untill the bacteria which convert it to nitrate are in sufficient high number and are not so inhibited by other substances in the water.

There is due to this a nitrite peak (several ppm's of nitrite) detectable for a certain period. Once that has decresed to low values, say 0.1 ppm or less, it is an indication that the tank was very likely able to develop sufficient number of bacteria to convert ammonia to nitrite and nitrite to nitrate.

It is an indirect indicator for the tank having acquired sufficient maturity to try putting a few fish and some hardy corals.

I consider a nitrite measurement as very useful when starting a new tank.

[Randy Holmes-Farley]

I can see that being true if there is evidence that nitrite is toxic to inverts. But in the absence of such indications, and in the absence of any detectable ammonia (in the scenario above), it seems more like a forced waiting period (which may be beneficial for that reason) than a clear chemical signal between OK and not OK water.

[Habib]

The following abstract warns to take the data with caution since it might not be related directly to nitrite+nitrate but to some other pollutant(s).

If the 0.4 microM is only nitrite then that would correspond to 0.02 ppm nitrite.

Marine Pollution Bulletin
Volume 48, Issues 3-4 , February 2004, Pages 248-253

Coral cover and partial mortality on anthropogenically impacted coral reefs at Eilat, northern Red Sea

Jeffrey Wielgus , , a, b, Nanette E. Chadwick-Furman a, b and Zvy Dubinsky a

a Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
b Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences, P.O. Box 469, Eilat 88103, Israel






Abstract
A photographic analysis was conducted at five shallow reef sites (5–6 m) at Eilat (northern Red Sea) to study changes in live coral cover during a 2-year period. Logit regression analysis showed that levels of total oxidized nitrogen (TON; NO2 + NO3) and the presence of SCUBA divers were significant explicative variables of coral partial mortality, while sedimentation rate was not significant. Sites exposed to mean TON levels above 0.4 microM TON showed significantly lower live stony coral cover and abundance per m2, and higher partial mortality of coral colonies than sites exposed to lower TON. These findings may be useful in establishing limits for TON levels at Eilat, but must be interpreted with caution due to the complexity of nutrient dynamics in coral reefs, the uncertainty of the effects of nutrients on coral physiological processes, and the possibility of interactions among multiple coral stressors.

[Randy Holmes-Farley]

Thanks, Habib.

It would have been nice to see a phosphate measurement in that water.

[Randy Holmes-Farley]

An article on nitrite in fish that came out after Spotte's analysis. Note that 1 mM = 46 ppm :

Uptake and effects of nitrite in the marine teleost fish Platichthys flesus. Grosell, M.; Jensen, F. B. Institute of Biology, Centre for Respiratory Adaptation, Odense University, Odense, Den. Aquatic Toxicology (2000), 50(1-2), 97-107.

Abstract

The route of NO2- uptake and subsequent physiol. effects were examd. in the marine teleost, European flounder (Platichthys flesus), during exposure to 1 mM ambient NO2- for up to 11 days. Drinking of seawater resulted in a similar nitrite concn. in the anterior part of the intestine as in the ambient water. The NO2- concn. decreased along the gastro-intestinal tract, suggesting NO2- uptake across the intestinal epithelium. Comparison of NO2- uptake in fish that drank NO2--contaminated seawater with fish that did not (i.e. had the intestine perfused with a NO2--free saline during NO2- exposure) revealed that the intestinal route contributed some 66% of whole-body NO2- uptake. Plasma [NO2-] stayed below the ambient level. It reached a max. of 0.35-0.4 mM on days 3-6 and then declined to 0.2 mM on day 11. The physiol. effects of NO2- exposure were relatively minor compared with those reported in freshwater fish. Blood metHb levels increased from approx. 4% in non-exposed fish to a max. of 18% of total Hb in exposed fish. An extracellular hyperkalemia was obsd. from day 3 of NO2- exposure, with a maximal increase in plasma K+ concns. of 38%. No mortality occurred during the 11 days of NO2- exposure. The lack of mortality can be related to the relatively low NO2- accumulation in the plasma and the relatively minor physiol. disturbances.

[Randy Holmes-Farley]

Here's an invert article:

Toxicity of ammonia, nitrite ion, nitrate ion, and orthophosphate to Mercenaria mercenaria and Crassostrea virginica. Epifanio, C. E.; Srna, R. F. Coll. Mar. Stud., Univ. Delaware, Lewes, DE, USA. Marine Biology (Berlin, Germany) (1975), 33(3), 241-6.

Abstract

The 96-hr median tolerance limits of the hard clam (M. mercenaria) and the oyster (C. virginica) to NH4Cl [12125-02-9], NaNO2 [7632-00-0], NaNO3 [7631-99-4], and Na2HPO4 [7558-79-4] are given. The compds. also decreased rates at which the shellfish removed algal cells from suspension; in comparison with other marine and aquatic species which have been studied, hard clams and oysters are extremely tolerant to these 4 chems.

[Randy Holmes-Farley]

It appears that abalone like nitrite: :lol:

Inorganic nitrogen and its effect on growth of the abalone Haliotis tuberculata Linnaeus and the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus Lamarck. Basuyaux, Olivier; Mathieu, Michel. Laboratoire de Biologie et Biotechnologies Marines, Universite de Caen, Caen, Fr. Aquaculture (1999), 174(1-2), 95-107.

Abstract

The abalone (7-12 g) and the sea urchin (3-6 g) reared in a closed system were exposed for 2 wk to ammonia (0, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, or 10.0 mg N-NH3-4/L), nitrite (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 5.0 mg N-NO2/L), or nitrate (0, 25, 50, 100, or 250 mg N-NO3/L). At these concns. no mortality was obsd. The growth and feeding rates were compared to controls. The safe (no influence on growth) levels were 1 mg N-NH3-4/L (or 0.045 mg N-NH3/L) for both abalone and sea urchin and 1-2 mg N-NO2/L for sea urchin. Abalone growth was stimulated at 2 mg N-NO2/L and its safe level was >5 mg N-NO2/L. The safe level for nitrates was 100 mg N/L for sea urchin and 100-250 mg N/L for abalone. Below these levels nitrates seemed to have a stimulating effect on abalone. Thus, urchins are more sensitive to inorg. nitrogen than abalone. The results were compared to data on shrimp and Salmonidae. The levels detd. were within the same range as those described for adults of other invertebrate and vertebrate species.

[Randy Holmes-Farley]

Here's a shrimp article:
Effects of nitrite on growth and molting of Penaeus monodon juveniles. Chen, Jiann Chu; Chen, Sheue Feng. Dep. Aquac., Natl. Taiwan Ocean Univ., Keelung, Taiwan. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C: Pharmacology, Toxicology & Endocrinology (1992), 101c(3), 453-8.

Abstract

Survival of P. monodon juveniles reared in control, 2, 4, 8, and 20 mg/L nitrite-N by a static renewal method after 80 days was 100, 100, 96.7, 86.7, and 70%, resp. Growth of the shrimps reared at 4, 8, and 20 mg/L nitrite-N was significantly lower than control animals and those reared at 2 mg/L nitrite-N after 20 days. EC50 (concn. that reduced growth by 50% of that of the controls) for wt. gain was 17.41 and 22.45 mg/L nitrite-N, and EC50 for length increase was 16.14 and 26.20 mg/L nitrite-N after 20 and 60 days, resp. Nitrite decreased the ratio of carapace length to total length and enhanced molting frequency of the shrimps. Av. molting frequency of shrimps reared as control and at 2, 4, 8 and 20 mg/L nitrite-N was 6.27, 6.30, 6.34, 6.92, and 7.14 times, resp. The MATC (max. acceptable toxicant concn.) was 2 mg/L nitrite-N from the growth and molting.

[Randy Holmes-Farley]

Incidentally, this one shows toxicity to nitrate, although they agree that is rare:

Nitrate toxicity to Penaeus monodon protozoea. Muir, P. R.; Sutton, D. C.; Owens, L. Sir George Fisher Cent. Trop. Mar. Stud., James Cook Univ. North Queensland, Townsville, Australia. Marine Biology (Berlin, Germany) (1991), 108(1), 67-71. COD

Abstract

Static bioassays showed that significant mortality of larval P. monodon (Fabricius) occurred within 40 h at nitrate concns. as low as 1 mg NO3- L-1. Sublethal effects of this concn. resulted in changes to ganglionic neuropiles and muscles. At higher concns. (10 and 100 mg NO3- L-1), addnl. tissues were affected, including the hypodermis, midgut, and proventriculus. This is the first report of toxicity to a marine organism of nitrate at concns. normally present in enclosed seawater and mariculture systems. The results are discussed in terms of management of culture systems and of natural marine ecosystems contg. elevated levels of nitrate.

[Randy Holmes-Farley]

Another nitrite/shrimp article:

Toxicities of ammonia and nitrite to Penaeus monodon adolescents. Chen, Jian Chu; Liu, Ping Chung; Lei, Shun Chiang. Dep. Aquac., Natl. Taiwan Ocean Univ., Keelung, Taiwan. Aquaculture (1990), 89(2), 127-37.

Abstract

Penaeus monodon adolescents (91.0 mm) were exposed to various concns. of ammonia (NH3 + NH4+) and nitrite in 20 ppt seawater at a pH of 7.57 and a water temp. of 24.5° using the static renewal method. The LC50 of ammonia-N (unionized plus ionized ammonia as nitrogen), NH3-N (unionized ammonia-N) and nitrite-N decreased with longer exposures. The 24-, 48-, 96- and 144-h LC50 were 97.9, 88.0, 53.4 and 42.6 mg/L of ammonia-N (1.76, 1.59, 0.96 and 0.77 mg/L of NH3-N), resp. The 24-, 48-, 96-, 144-, 192- and 240-h LC50 of nitrite-N were 218, 193, 171, 140, 128 and 106 mg/L nitrite-N, resp. The thresholds of ammonia and nitrite toxicity were found at 144 and 240 h, resp., on a toxicity curve approaching an asymptote. Based on the incipient LC50 and an application factor of 0.1, safe values for rearing adolescent P. monodon (20 ppt, 7.57 pH, 24.5°) were calcd. to be 4.26 mg/L ammonia-N, 0.08 mg/L NH3-N and 10.60 mg/L nitrite-N.


and

Acute toxicity of nitrite to tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon, larvae. Chen, Jiann Chu; Chin, Tzong Shean. Dep. Aquacult., Natl. Taiwan Coll. Mar. Sci. Technol., Keelung, Taiwan. Aquaculture (1988), 69(3-4), 253-62.

Abstract

Larval prawn P. monodon exhibited a progressive increase in nitrite tolerance as the larva metamorphosed from nauplius to the postlarva stage. The 24-h LC50 nitrite effects on nauplii, zoea, mysis, and postlarvae were 5.00, 13.20, 20.65, and 61.87 mg/L NO2-N, resp. The 48-h LC50 values on mysis and postlarva were 8.30 and 33.17 mg/L NO2-N, while the 72-h and 96-h LC50 values on postlarva were 20.53 and 13.55 mg/L NO2-N, resp. A safe level of nitrite was estd. at 1.36 mg/L NO2-N on the basis of 96-h LC50 for postlarvae while a more conservative est. of a safe level is 0.11 mg/L NO2-N based on an estd. 96-h LC50 for nauplii.

[Randy Holmes-Farley]

This article shows that the salt in seawater protects fish from nitrite toxicity:

Seawater inhibition of nitrite toxicity to chinook salmon. Crawford, Richard E.; Allen, George H. Sch. Nat. Resour., Humboldt State Univ., Arcata, CA, USA. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society (1977), 106(1), 105-9.

Abstract

The 48-h LC50 value of NO2- was 19 mg/mL for Chinook salmon fingerlings (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in freshwater (contg. 32 mg Ca2+/L). In natural sea water (contg. 396 mg Ca2+/L), 1070 mg NO2-/L caused only 10% mortality in 48 h. In freshwater with 27 mg NO2-/L, 44% methemoglobin occurred with 70% mortality. In natural saltwater with 815 mg NO2-/L, 74% methemoglobin occurred with 10% mortality. Adding CaSO4 to the freshwater decreased the toxicity of NO2- but did not reduce methemoglobinemia. In Ca-free artificial seawater (100 mg NO2-/L) was highly toxic but did not induce appreciable methemoglobinemia. Adding Ca to this medium decreased the acute toxicity of NO2-. These results suggest NO2- toxicity mortalities resulted from a cause(s) other than methemoglobinemia. The presence of another antagonistic ion(s) in seawater to nitrite toxicity is also suggested.

[Randy Holmes-Farley]

Another shrimp (I think :D ) 109 ppm nitrite to kill them.:

Evaluation of the short-term toxicity of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate to Penaeus paulensis (Crustacea, Decapoda) broodstock. Cavalli, Ronaldo O.; Wasielesky, Wilson Jr.; Franco, Cassio S.; Miranda Filho, Kleber. Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil. Arquivos de Biologia e Tecnologia (1996), 39(3), 567-575.

Abstract

Acute toxicity of total (NH4+ + NH3) and gaseous ammonia (NH3), nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-) was evaluated for Penaeus paulensis broodstock in sep. semistatic bioassay tests. Environmental conditions were those usual in penaeid shrimp maturation systems (27°, 32 ppt salinity, photoperiod of 15L/9D and aeration). Median lethal concns. for 96 h for total and gaseous ammonia, nitrite and nitrate were 34.36, 0.83, 109.4 and 2171.7 mg/l, resp. P. paulensis broodstock exhibited a high tolerance for nitrite and nitrate, but was quite sensitive to ammonia.

[Randy Holmes-Farley]

Finally, a general review on nitrite:

Nitrite disrupts multiple physiological functions in aquatic animals. Jensen Frank B Institute of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 M Odense, Denmark. fbj@biology.sdu.uk Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology (2003 May), 135(1), 9-24.

Abstract

Nitrite is a potential problem in aquatic environments. Freshwater fish actively take up nitrite across the gills, leading to high internal concentrations. Seawater fish are less susceptible but do take up nitrite across intestine and gills. Nitrite has multiple physiological effects. Its uptake is at the expense of chloride, leading to chloride depletion. Nitrite also activates efflux of potassium from skeletal muscle and erythrocytes, disturbing intracellular and extracellular K(+) levels. Nitrite transfer across the erythrocytic membrane leads to oxidation of haemoglobin to methaemoglobin (metHb), compromising blood O(2) transport. Other haem proteins are also oxidised. Hyperventilation is observed, and eventually tissue O(2) shortage becomes reflected in elevated lactate concentrations. Heart rate increases rapidly, before any significant elevations in metHb or extracellular potassium occur. This suggests nitrite-induced vasodilation (possibly via nitric oxide generated from nitrite) that is countered by increased cardiac pumping to re-establish blood pressure. Nitrite can form and/or mimic nitric oxide and thereby interfere with processes regulated by this local hormone. Steroid hormone synthesis may be inhibited, while changes in ammonia and urea levels and excretion rates reflect an influence of nitrite on nitrogen metabolism. Detoxification of nitrite occurs via endogenous oxidation to nitrate, and elimination of nitrite takes place both via gills and urine. The susceptibility to nitrite varies between species and in some cases also within species. Rainbow trout fall into two groups with regard to susceptibility and physiological response. These two groups are not related to sex but show significant different nitrite uptake rates.

[Habib]

More specific for corals but no data (yet) on the concentrations:

Kuta and Richardson (in press) found that black band disease incidence was correlated with elevated concentrations of nitrite (and lower concentrations of soluble reactive phosphate). This research area is critical.


and

Kim and Harvell (2002) demonstrated positive correlations between the prevalence of aspergillosis and both elevated dissolved inorganic nitrogen and slightly lower water clarity

both from:

http://www.coral.noaa.gov/coral_disease/environment.shtml

[Boomer]

Maybe Habib or Boomer can comment better.

My term :D

A tank could theoretically develop nitrite without ever having had detectable ammonia. Why would the nitrite be useful then?

Yes :D

Sounds like he might be trying to get folks to stop testing salt mix for ammonia

Yes :lol:

As we here have stated many times before Nitrite is not toxic so why really bother. It is ammonia that kills marine life. He doesn't have a clue what he is taking about. You can find Ammonia test readings right off the scale with many kits to include some very pricey ones and no Nitrite even showing yet. There is a reason for that see below. You can even spike the water with Ammonium Chloride to prove the point the kit works. I believe one should still use both kits, so you know how the cycle is moving ;)


The reason is that the kit makes a small amount of nitrite out of the nitrate, so existing nitrite can look like a larger amount of nitrate.

I believe, this can be corrected for by adding bromine and Phenol to the sample . Also, Nitrate can interfere with nitrite levels, as some of the nitrate it is reduced to Nitrite giving false high nitrite levels. Seawater Mg levels can also cause a sensitivity change in ammonia kits but they still work.

The real issue is this, what are the bacteria doing during these cycle stages. The rise and fall of ammonia and nitrite is due to self-inhibiting. High nitrite can inhibit those bacteria that are trying to convert ammonia to nitrite. Similarly, high ammonia can inhibit those trying to convert nitrite to nitrate. And high nitrate can suppress both of them.

This article shows that the salt in seawater protects fish from nitrite toxicity:

And we add salt to FW to reduce nitrite toxicity :D

[Habib]

This one suggests , if I'm reading it correctly, an active uptake of nitrite. So different from fish and shrimps.

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
Volume 37, Issue 1 , 22 February 1979, Pages 31-41


Nutrient availability for zooxanthellae derived from physiological activities of Condylactus spp

Norman Cates

John J. A. McLaughlin

Mercy College of Detroit, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A.
Biology Department, Fordham University, Bronx, New York, U.S.A.


Abstract
Differences in phosphate metabolism of symbiotic and aposymbiotic Condylactus suggest that the host animal makes available quantities of phosphate to support growth of zooxanthellae. Nitrite may serve as a nitrogen source for symbionts as indicated by host removal of nitrite from sea water.

The presence of zooxanthellae is responsible for removal of phosphate from sea water in the dark whereas there is excretion during light periods. There is a greater uptake of nitrite from sea water in the light compared with the dark in symbiotic animals.

Since nitrate is removed from sea water by aposymbiotic animals, the presence of nitrate reducing bacteria is proposed

[Boomer]

if I'm reading it correctly

Hang on a second and I will check it and test your english......................................................................

Yes, you have that translated correctly :D

The anemone((host) is taking up NO2 for his zooxanthellae. My book on the biology of anemones (1991, not in ref sect either) does not mention this but does talk about the active uptake of phosphate.

[Habib]

Hi Boom:

Hang on a second and I will check it and test your english......................................................................

Yes, you have that translated correctly


Thanks. :) I learned one more thing.

I would have written: Yes, you have translated that correctly. So swapping "translated" and "that"

:D

[Boomer]

Yes, you could do that also. Your english has increased greatly, in just the last few minutes :D It looks better than mine :lol: Just imagine me trying to speak or type Dutch :rollface: :rollface:

[Randy Holmes-Farley]

Just imagine me trying to speak or type Dutch

It would probably look like this:

Misschien kan Habib of Boomer beter becommentariëren.

Mijn termijn

Een tank kon nitriet ooit theoretisch ontwikkelen zonder opspoorbare
ammoniak gehad te hebben. Waarom het nitriet dan zou nuttig zijn?

Ja

Geluiden als zou hij kunnen proberen om mensen ertoe te brengen
ophouden testend zoute mengeling voor ammoniak

Ja

Zoals wij hier hebben verklaard vaak vóór Nitriet is niet giftig zo
waarom werkelijk last. Het is ammoniak die het mariene leven doodt. Hij heeft geen aanwijzing wat hij ongeveer neemt. U kunt de testlezingen van de Ammoniak van de schaal met vele
uitrustingen net vinden om sommige zeer pricey degenen en geen Nitriet
te omvatten die zelfs nog tonen. Er is een reden voor dat verder ziet. U kunt het water met het Chloride van het Ammonium zelfs vastspijkeren
om het punt te bewijzen de uitrustingswerken. Ik geloof men beide uitrustingen nog zou moeten gebruiken, zo weet u hoe de cyclus zich beweegt


De reden is dat de uitrusting een kleine hoeveelheid nitriet uit het
nitraat maakt, kan het zo bestaande nitriet als een grotere hoeveelheid nitraat
kijken.

Ik geloof, dit kan worden verbeterd voor door broom en Fenol aan de steekproef
toe te voegen. Ook, Het nitraat kan zich in nitrietniveaus mengen, als enkele nitraat wordt het tot Nitriet verminderd dat valse hoge
nitrietniveaus geeft. De niveaus van Mg van het zeewater kunnen een gevoeligheidsverandering
in ammoniakuitrustingen ook veroorzaken maar zij werken nog.

De echte kwestie is dit, wat de bacteriën die tijdens deze cyclusstadia zijn doen. De stijging en de val van ammoniak en nitriet zijn toe te schrijven
aan zelf-verbiedt. Het hoge nitriet kan die bacteriën verbieden die proberen om ammoniak
in nitriet om te zetten. Op dezelfde manier de hoge ammoniak kan die verbieden die nitriet in nitraat proberen om
te zetten. En het hoge nitraat kan beiden onderdrukken.

Dit artikel toont aan dat het zout in zeewater vissen tegen
nitrietgiftigheid beschermt:

En wij voegen zout aan FW toe om nitrietgiftigheid te verminderen


__________________
Boomer

Het vroegere Lid van de Bom van het Leger van de V.S. van de Technicus
(EOD); IABTI, NATEODA, WEODF, ISEE

Het KONINKRIJK van het KORAAL www.coralrealm.Com/homepage.HTML __________________
Als u me ziet lopend u beter de achterstand inlopen

De Ervaring van de hobby: 30 + de Huidige Tanks van de Aquariums van het Zeewater van jaren: Niets, 30 jaar was genoeg Belangen: De Chemie van het zeewater, Het Mariene Leven van identiteitskaart, Het verzamelen van de Boeken van de Wetenschap, De Technologie van explosieven

[Habib]

Now it makes a lot more sense to me. :lol:

I like that one:

Het vroegere Lid van de Bom van het Leger van de V.S. van de Technicus

The former member of the bomb of the army of the USA of the technician. :lol:

[Randy Holmes-Farley]

The former member of the bomb of the army of the USA of the technician.

Maybe I should use my Staff power to change Boomer's sig line to that. :lol: