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  #1  
Old 11/01/2003, 11:09 AM
Yellotang Yellotang is offline
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DSB Related Journals, Newspaper Articles, ETC...

This thread is to post actual scientific articles and newspaper reports that relate to DSB's and other related issues.
  #2  
Old 11/01/2003, 11:10 AM
Yellotang Yellotang is offline
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Copyright Seattle Times Sep 28, 1998



MIAMI - Hurricane Georges might finally settle an old argument about hurricanes in Florida Bay: Will a hurricane blow away some of the bay's ecological problems, or might it make them worse?

Arguments over Florida Bay have gone on for years as fishermen and scientists watched the bay's sea grass die, destructive algae bloom and marine life decline. Capt. Ed Davidson is among those who believe the bay needs a good cleansing such as the one last delivered by Hurricane Donna in 1960.

"We've had serious water-quality problems in recent years because it's been many, many decades since a hurricane flushed sediments out of Florida Bay out into the Gulf of Mexico," said Davidson, the owner of a Keys dive shop and the president of the Florida Audubon Society. "This hurricane should have finally done it. It should have blown a trillion tons of yucky stuff out of the bay."

But Tom Armentano, a scientist at Everglades National Park, argues that Georges might undermine some ecological improvements in the bay spurred in the past five years by heavier-than-usual rainfall that brought badly needed fresh water into a bay that had become too salty after a long drought in the 1980s.

In the past few years, sea-grass beds have been recovering, and the algal blooms and the so-called Dead Zone in the western bay have been shrinking, said Armentano, who is co-chairman of a federal and state scientific panel that directs Florida Bay research programs.

"We want to see if that recovery is going to be set back by this storm," Armentano said. "It's possible that the storm would have spread sediments over the bottom and buried shoots of emerging sea grasses."

Veteran fishing guide Mike Collins believes the truth will be somewhere in the middle.

"Hurricanes are good events for the bay," he said. "I think stirring up the bay bottom is good, but I don't think it's going to be the big solution that a lot of people think."

Meanwhile, ecologists who study corals are worried that the slow-moving hurricane might have devastated reefs in the Middle and Lower Keys and Dry Tortugas plagued by diseases caused by pollution and rising water temperatures.

"This storm followed a similar path to the one that Donna took when it nearly wiped out elkhorn corals in the Dry Tortugas in 1960," said biologist Walter Jaap of the Florida Marine Research Institute. "Considering how long that storm took to get through there, it's possible that there'll be some big structural damages."

Sometimes hurricanes help reefs by blowing away damaging sediments. Hurricane Andrew in 1992, for example, surprised ecologists.

"We had expected total devastation of the reefs based on what we saw on land," Jaap said. "But the storm rocketed through the reefs in a hurry, and its damage was far less than anyone could have guessed."

Credit: KNIGHT RIDDER NEWSPAPERS
  #3  
Old 11/01/2003, 11:22 AM
Yellotang Yellotang is offline
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Coastal and Ocean Habitats and their Biota
  #4  
Old 11/01/2003, 11:28 AM
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Quote:
But Tom Armentano, a scientist at Everglades National Park, argues that Georges might undermine some ecological improvements in the bay spurred in the past five years by heavier-than-usual rainfall that brought badly needed fresh water into a bay that had become too salty after a long drought in the 1980s.
Heh, Tom was all excited about this until we pointed out to him that turtle grass is not a estuarine species and requires full strength sea water. He didn't know.
It wasn't the hypersalinity after all, it's Hypereutrophic.

Quote:
Sometimes hurricanes help reefs by blowing away damaging sediments. Hurricane Andrew in 1992, for example, surprised ecologists.
Except for Pacific Reef that looked like it was attacked with a sand blaster.
  #5  
Old 11/01/2003, 01:02 PM
Yellotang Yellotang is offline
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Just now got to work, so now the research begins.
  #6  
Old 11/01/2003, 01:13 PM
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See if you can find anything by C. M. Breder. American Museum of Natural History, NY. or from the NY Zoological Society around the mid 50's. He wrote specifically on methods for constructing open and closed systems and popularized the constant-level siphon.

Gratzek, Howell, George, Townsend, Knowles, Howley, and Plessis are some more names to look for.
  #7  
Old 11/01/2003, 01:13 PM
Yellotang Yellotang is offline
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In
Deep-Sea Research, Oxford Feb1998. Vol 45, Iss 2-3a; Pages 277 - 301. Titled Regional distributiuon of diffusive phosphate and silcate fluxes through the sediment-water interface: The eastern South Atlantic.
There is an article about pore water concentration profiles and calculations of the corresponding diffusive fluxes, regional distribution patterns of benthic phosphate and silicate release rates studied in the eastern South Atlantic.

I can't get my hands on that, unless I order it in from of campus. Which I can do if it's something that you may be interested in.
  #8  
Old 11/01/2003, 01:19 PM
Yellotang Yellotang is offline
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So far a book written by
C. M. Breder
Modes of reproduction in fishies.

Still searching.
  #9  
Old 11/01/2003, 01:21 PM
Bomber Bomber is offline
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YT get a little closer to home and a lot shallower. LOL

Mississippi River and the dead zone in the gulf.
Adriatic Sea, Venice Lagoon, Baltic Sea, and Great Barrier Reef, Chesapeake Bay, Black Sea.

Agricultural and urban runoff, estuaries, nitrogen, phosphate

Can you access our library from work?
  #10  
Old 11/01/2003, 01:23 PM
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Quote:
Originally posted by Yellotang
So far a book written by
C. M. Breder
Modes of reproduction in fishies.

Still searching.
Ok he would have written something like that. You're getting close.

What people don't understand, for every paper written, there's tons written on justifying the experiment and models. The models are aquariums.
  #11  
Old 11/01/2003, 01:24 PM
Yellotang Yellotang is offline
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I maybe able to, I can access the library of congress, but thats a pain to work through. You know those government agencies can be a pain.
  #12  
Old 11/01/2003, 01:27 PM
Bomber Bomber is offline
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You haven't seen anything yet. Look at ours! LOL

If you figure it out, please let me know how. I've been trying to figure it out for over 30 years.
  #13  
Old 11/01/2003, 01:31 PM
Yellotang Yellotang is offline
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I think I hit the motherload. We have a huge selection here on Marine geology and sedimentation, and marine environment pollution.
  #14  
Old 11/01/2003, 01:35 PM
Yellotang Yellotang is offline
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Oh man, this is sweet. I wish you were here. I really hit the goldmine of information on Marine sedimentation and stuff.

This is international stuff from Japan and Germany and stuff all in english. All accessable from our network.

Talk about SWEET!
  #15  
Old 11/01/2003, 01:52 PM
Bomber Bomber is offline
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Japan! Look for Nakamura.

Anything from France? Plessis? National Museum of Natural History, Paris

That's the papers that Jabert developed his plenums from.
  #16  
Old 11/01/2003, 01:53 PM
Yellotang Yellotang is offline
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Nakamura, yes but all relating to liver and gonadal abnormalities in oceanic life
  #17  
Old 11/01/2003, 01:54 PM
Yellotang Yellotang is offline
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oh what, over 10,000 listings let me try to narow it down.
  #18  
Old 11/01/2003, 01:57 PM
Yellotang Yellotang is offline
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What is Biogenetic calcium phosphate?
  #19  
Old 11/01/2003, 02:05 PM
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Don't go there! ROTFL
  #20  
Old 11/01/2003, 02:11 PM
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Alright darn it, I know Nakamura worked at the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory in Osaka. I know he wrote papers on captive sea water systems. I know he wrote papers on sea water well systems for the Dept of the Interior in Honolulu.

He developed the systems for holding and maintaining tuna in totally closed systems and went into great detail on settling sand filters - we call them deep sand beds.
  #21  
Old 11/01/2003, 02:16 PM
Yellotang Yellotang is offline
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Try this one out, this is his article on pore water dynamics.

Effect of emersion and immersion on the porewater nutrient dynamics of an intertidal sandflat in Tokyo Bay
Tomohiro Kuwaem4.cor*m4.cor*, mailto:kuwae@ipc.pari.go.jpmailto:kuwae@ipc.pari.go.jp, a, Eiji Kibeb and Yoshiyuki Nakamurahit2hit2a

a Coastal Ecosystems Division, Port and Airport Research Institute, 3-1-1, Nagase, Yokosuka 239-0826, Japan
b Karatsu Port Construction Office, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, 3-216-1, Futago, Karatsu, Saga 847-0861, Japan

Received 22 January 2002; accepted 20 November 2002. ; Available online 15 July 2003.


Abstract
Porewater nutrient dynamics during emersion and immersion were investigated during different seasons in a eutrophic intertidal sandflat of Tokyo Bay, Japan, to elucidate the role of emersion and immersion in solute transport and microbial processes. The water content in the surface hit1hit1sedimenthit3hit3 did not change significantly following emersion, suggesting that advective solute transport caused by water table fluctuation was negligible. The rate of change in nitrate concentration in the top 10 mm of hit2hit2sediment****4hit4 ranged from -6.6 to 4.8 mol N l-1 bulk sed. h-1 during the whole period of emersion. Steep nutrient concentration gradients in the surface hit3hit3sedimenthit5hit5 generated diffusive flux of nutrients directed downwards into deeper hit4hit4sediments,hit6hit6 which greatly contributed to the observed rates of change in porewater nutrient concentration for several cases. Microbial nitrate reduction within the subsurface hit5hit5sedimenthit7hit7 appeared to be strongly supported by the downward diffusive flux of nitrate from the surface hit6hit6sediment.hit8hit8 The stimulation of estimated nitrate production rate in the subsurface layer in proportion to the emersion time indicates that oxygenation due to emersion caused changes in the hit7hit7sedimenthit9hit9 redox environment and affected the nitrification and/or nitrate reduction rates. The nitrate and soluble reactive phosphorus pools in the top 10 mm of hit8hit8sedimenthit10hit10 decreased markedly during immersion (up to 68% for nitrate and up to 44% for soluble reactive phosphorus), however, this result could not be solely explained by molecular diffusion.
Author Keywords: interstitial nutrients; microbial processes; diffusive fluxes; oxygenation; nitrogen and phosphorus cycles; eutrophication; Banzu tidal flat


1. Introduction
Semi-diurnal movement of tidal water alters biotic and abiotic environments in intertidal sediments over short time intervals ([Alongi, 1998]). When sediments are exposed to air, the water table drops due to drainage and evaporation ( [Anderson and Howell, 1984, Agosta, 1985 and Howes and Goehringer, 1994]). During tidal flooding, in turn, vertical infiltration of tidal water controls interstitial water levels ( [Hemond and Fifield, 1982]). Rhythmic emersion and immersion can also mediate the below-ground transport of nutrients and metabolic products ( [Harvey and Odum, 1990 and Dolphin, Hume and Parnell, 1995]). The role of advective solute transport in the distribution of nutrients has mainly been reported for salt marsh creekbanks (e.g. [Agosta, 1985, Yelverton and Hackney, 1986 and Howes and Goehringer, 1994]) and sandy beaches ( [McLachlan and Illenberger, 1986 and Uchiyama, Nadaoka, Rölke, Adachi and Yagi, 2000]). In contrast, the movement of water and solutes associated with a fall in the water table has been reported to be minor in non-vegetative intertidal flats due to the development of a capillary fringe ( [Drabsch, Parnell, Hume and Dolphin, 1999]).
The biogeochemistry of intertidal sediments during immersion has been well studied in relation to the sediment–water column exchange of nutrients (e.g. [Falcão and Vale, 1990, Middelburg, Klaver, Nieuwenhuize and Vlug, 1995, Asmus et al., 1998, Kuwae, Hosokawa and Eguchi, 1998, Mortimer et al., 1999, Cabrita and Brotas, 2000 and Falcão and Vale, 1998]). However, little is yet known of the dynamics of porewater nutrients in such sediments during emersion or transitional periods ( [Rocha, 1998, Rocha and Cabral, 1998 and Usui, Koike and Ogura, 1998]). During emersion, the penetration of oxygen into sediments may increase ( [Brotas, Amorim-Ferreira, Vale and Catarino, 1990]), causing changes in the redox environment ( [Koch, Maltby, Oliver and Bakker, 1992]). This oxygenation affects the rates and pathways of nutrient flow ( [Kerner, 1993]) related to, e.g. aerobic nitrifiers and anaerobic denitrifiers ( [Henriksen and Kemp, 1988, Seitzinger, 1988 and Parkin, 1990]). In addition, the absence of overlying waters indicates no efflux of nutrients from the sediment, which will either accumulate or be consumed within the sediments. [Rocha, 1998] has shown that total (dissolved and exchangeable) sedimentary ammonium accumulated during emersion. [Usui, Koike and Ogura, 1998] have reported that porewater nitrate decreased remarkably during the initial 3–4 h after the onset of emersion. On the other hand, at immersion, mixing of porewater with overlying water can result in drastic changes in the interstitial nutrient pool ([Rocha, 1998 and Rocha and Cabral, 1998]). [Rocha and Cabral, 1998] have shown that approximately 80% of the nitrate pool was flushed during immersion.
This paper reports the dynamics of porewater nutrients induced by tidal cycles in a eutrophic intertidal sandflat of Tokyo Bay, Japan. To our knowledge, this is the first report dealing with tide-induced temporal changes in the concentrations of three porewater nutrient species (nitrate, ammonium, and soluble reactive phosphorus) during different seasons. Special emphasis is placed on (1) the influence of diffusive fluxes and advective transport on the pool size of nutrients during emersion and immersion; and (2) the role of emersion in the microbial processes, which affect porewater nutrient concentration.
2. Materials and methods

2.1. Study site
The Banzu intertidal sandflat is located on the east coast of Tokyo Bay (Japan) and covers an area of 7.6 km2 (Fig. 1). Tokyo Bay receives a nutrient loading from a population of ca. 26 million humans (320 t N day-1 for total nitrogen and 26 t P day-1 for total phosphorus, [Nakanishi, 1993]), and is subjected to heavy eutrophication and anoxia in bottom waters over a wide area during the summer. Tides are semi-diurnal with amplitudes from 0.5 to 1.6 m ([Guo and Yanagi, 1994]). The Obitsu River has a watershed area of 267 km2 and 2.5–3.0 m3 s-1 of normal discharge. The sampling site (35°24.2'N, 139°54.2'E) is 30 cm above mean sea level, experiencing emersion and immersion during each tidal phase. The slope of the seabed at the sampling site is very low (0.07 cm m-1). Sediments are characterized by well-sorted fine sand (99.6% sand and 0.4% silt) with a median grain size of 170 m ([Kuwae and Hosokawa, 1999]). Organic carbon and total nitrogen contents at 0–20 mm depth, measured from August 1998 to September 1999, were 0.981±0.047 mg C g-1 dry wt. (mean±SE, n=45) and 0.214±0.013 mg N g-1 dry wt. (mean±SE, n=45), respectively. There is no macro-vegetation, and pennate diatoms dominate the epibenthic microalgal flora. Gross primary production in September 1997, measured by sediment core incubation under both light and dark conditions was 151.9±17.1 mg O2 m-2 h-1 (mean±SE, n=3) ([Kuwae, Hosokawa and Eguchi, 1998]).

/science?_ob=MiamiCaptionURL&_method=retrieve&_udi=B6WDV-492VP23-5&_image=fig1&_ba=1&_coverDate=08%2F31%2F2003&_aset=W-WA-A-A-VV-MsSAYVW-UUW-AUZDYYCYDA-DZWZWWUB-VV-U&_rdoc=3&_orig=search&_fmt=full&_cdi=6776&view=c&_acct=C000011439&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=137179&md5=1c856b250d881b2759e50f0c64a7592c(18K)
Fig. 1. Location of the study site (Banzu intertidal sandflat, Tokyo Bay). Dotted line indicates the lowest tidal level.

We conducted four seasonal surveys on the spring tide: March 1998, May 1998, September 1998, and November 1998. One tidal cycle was sampled in each survey. The tidal range on the survey days ranged from 1.1 to 1.6 m. No rainfall was recorded during surveys of the tidal flat.
2.2. Hydrology
To track fluctuations in the water table depth, a small well was dug into the sediment a few days before each survey. A polyvinyl chloride pipe (4.5 cm internal diameter (i.d.)), with holes drilled and covered with a nylon mesh, was placed in the well to a depth of 25 cm. Water levels in the pipe were measured using a float.
The diffusive flux of nutrients from the sediment during immersion was calculated according to Fick's first law of diffusion ([Berner, 1980]):
J=-DS(dC/dx),
where J is the diffusive efflux, is the porosity at the sediment surface (0–10 mm), x is the vertical axis and DS is the whole sediment diffusion coefficient. DS was calculated from the temperature corrected diffusion coefficient in particle-free water (D0) ([Li and Gregory, 1974]) and tortuosity reported by [Sweerts, Kelly, Rudd, Hesslein and Cappenberg, 1991]. dC/dx is the concentration gradient across the sediment–water interface. dC/dx was calculated by linear interpolation between the overlying water concentration at the sediment surface and the porewater concentration in the 0–2.5 mm section assigned to 1.25 mm depth.
2.3. Sediment characteristics
At each survey, the photon flux of photosynthetically available radiation (PAR), sediment temperature, redox potential (Eh), porosity, water content, chlorophyll a, and macrofauna were measured. PAR was continuously measured during each sampling time using a Biospherical quantum sensor. Sediment temperature and Eh were measured in situ at intervals of 2–5 cm during emersion using a temperature probe (RT-10; Tabai Espec) and a platinum redox electrode (HM-14P; TOA). For the measurement of porosity and water content, core samples were taken to a depth of 1 cm with acrylic tubes (4.5-cm i.d.) during both emersion and immersion. Porosity and water content were determined by the weight loss after drying wet sediments at 90 °C for 24 h. The remainder of each emersion period core sample was used for the analysis of chlorophyll a in the sediment, extracted using 90% acetone solution, spectrophotometrically analyzed (U-3200; Hitachi) according to [Lorenzen, 1967]. For the measurement of macrofaunal abundance, core samples (n=8) were taken to a depth of 20 cm with acrylic tubes (25 cm long×8.6 cm i.d.). The sediment in each core was sieved (1 mm mesh) to retain macrofauna. Macrofauna were preserved in neutralized 10% formalin–seawater solution and stored for later counting.
2.4. Porewater solutes
On each survey day, sediment samples were taken every one to several hours from the onset of emersion to after immersion. Sediment cores (n=3) were collected randomly from the site (2 m×2 m) at each sampling, using an acrylic corer (8.6 cm i.d.×25 cm long). Sediment cores were immediately cut in situ into 2.5–10 mm segments, and macrofauna were removed from sliced sediments. The sliced sediments were immediately fixed by dried ice in order to stop biogeochemical reactions. Fixed sediments were thawed and filled in syringes (10 ml) and were centrifuged for 10 min at 2000 rpm (580×g) at ambient temperature. Extracted water was filtered through a Millipore HA filter. Filtered water was immediately frozen for the later analysis of nutrients and salinity. Ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) were measured using standard colorimetric techniques ([Strickland and Parsons, 1972]) on an analyzer (TRAACS-800; Bran+Luebbe). Salinity was measured using a conductivity electrode (9382-10D; Horiba).
2.5. Statistical analysis
Linear regression was used to calculate the rate of change in porewater nutrient concentrations over the whole period of emersion. A one-way ANOVA was used to examine statistical differences in porewater nutrient concentrations between the last samples collected before immersion and the first samples collected after immersion. Data sets were tested for homogeneity of variances (Hartley test), and the log-transformed values were used if needed for a normal distribution.
3. Results

3.1. Water table dynamics
The sediment water table was measured by using a well dropped gradually following emersion (Fig. 2). Slightly before the onset of the next immersion, the water table dropped to its lowest level, and then rose steeply. This pattern was observed for all cases (not shown). The greatest water table drop (7.8 cm) occurred in summer (September 1998), and the smallest (2.7 cm) in winter (March 1998).

/science?_ob=MiamiCaptionURL&_method=retrieve&_udi=B6WDV-492VP23-5&_image=fig2&_ba=2&_coverDate=08%2F31%2F2003&_aset=W-WA-A-A-VV-MsSAYVW-UUW-AUZDYYCYDA-DZWZWWUB-VV-U&_rdoc=3&_orig=search&_fmt=full&_cdi=6776&view=c&_acct=C000011439&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=137179&md5=30d59e20a0e80ce753ebe35b41e9cdae(4K)
Fig. 2. Representative data (May 1998) for the fall and rise of water table depth (cm) measured by using a small well during emersion.


3.2. Sediment characteristics
The sampling days of March 1998 and May 1998 were cloudy, showing low PAR averages during the sampling time; the remainder showed high PAR values (Table 1). During emersion, Eh was >0 mV for all seasons and depths, except below 5 cm in summer, when the mean sediment temperature in the top 10 cm reached a maximum (30.1 °C) (Fig. 3). Although there was a measurable decline in the water table level during emersion, no statistical differences in the water content and porosity were observed between emersion and immersion for any season (P>0.05) (Table 1). Within the samples studied, the porosity and water content ranged from 44.6±0.4 to 47.7±1.0% (mean±SE) and 23.6±0.3 to 25.9±0.8% (mean±SE), respectively. Salinity of the porewater was close to that of tide water. The porewater salinity never varied more than 3.0 from the tide (surface) water salinity during the study. This strongly suggests that there was no significant ground water input. The chlorophyll a content in the top 10 mm of sediments ranged from 1.15±0.16 to 8.33±0.68 g cm-3 (mean±SE) (Table 1). The polychaete Armandia sp. and the bivalve Ruditapes philippinarum dominated infauna, whereas the gastropod Batillaria cumingii dominated epifauna (Table 2).

Table 1. Sediment water content during emersion and immersion, sediment chlorophyll a content, and photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) during sampling time
/science?_ob=MiamiCaptionURL&_method=retrieve&_udi=B6WDV-492VP23-5&_image=tbl1&_ba=3&_coverDate=08%2F31%2F2003&_aset=W-WA-A-A-VV-MsSAYVW-UUW-AUZDYYCYDA-DZWZWWUB-VV-U&_rdoc=3&_orig=search&_fmt=full&_cdi=6776&view=c&_acct=C000011439&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=137179&md5=3fdc600b77e6ba7303689b23dfb014c0(<1K)


/science?_ob=MiamiCaptionURL&_method=retrieve&_udi=B6WDV-492VP23-5&_image=fig3&_ba=4&_coverDate=08%2F31%2F2003&_aset=W-WA-A-A-VV-MsSAYVW-UUW-AUZDYYCYDA-DZWZWWUB-VV-U&_rdoc=3&_orig=search&_fmt=full&_cdi=6776&view=c&_acct=C000011439&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=137179&md5=54ea6a2cace25754b04059cacae7e71a(7K)
Fig. 3. Vertical profiles of sedimentary temperature (°C) and redox potential (mV) during emersion. Seasons: March 1998 (); May 1998 (); September 1998 (); and November 1998 ().


Table 2. Total densities (mean±SE) and dominant species of macrofauna (>10%) at the sampling site (depth: 0–20 cm)
/science?_ob=MiamiCaptionURL&_method=retrieve&_udi=B6WDV-492VP23-5&_image=tbl2&_ba=5&_coverDate=08%2F31%2F2003&_aset=W-WA-A-A-VV-MsSAYVW-UUW-AUZDYYCYDA-DZWZWWUB-VV-U&_rdoc=3&_orig=search&_fmt=full&_cdi=6776&view=c&_acct=C000011439&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=137179&md5=bed424e2b1b417d62d4c41c5fbbe70a4(<1K)


3.3. Porewater nutrient profiles
Depth profiles of porewater nitrate+nitrite (hereafter, nitrate) and SRP during emersion showed marked concentration gradients with depth (Fig. 4); nitrate and SRP concentrations peaked in the uppermost layer of sediments for all the seasons, and below this they sharply declined until a depth of 30 mm. Nitrate concentrations in the upper layer peaked in November 1998 and were minimal in September 1998. Ammonium profiles either exhibited a stable pattern, or a gradual decrease in concentration from the sediment–water interface. All the nutrient concentrations in the uppermost sediments, except for nitrate in September 1998, were always higher than those in overlying waters.

/science?_ob=MiamiCaptionURL&_method=retrieve&_udi=B6WDV-492VP23-5&_image=fig4&_ba=6&_coverDate=08%2F31%2F2003&_aset=W-WA-A-A-VV-MsSAYVW-UUW-AUZDYYCYDA-DZWZWWUB-VV-U&_rdoc=3&_orig=search&_fmt=full&_cdi=6776&view=c&_acct=C000011439&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=137179&md5=fcd368c634143e9c272d893ac9c59782(39K)
Fig. 4. Temporal changes in interstitial nutrient concentrations (M). Error bars indicate standard errors (n=3). Only data from the top 20 mm sediment are shown to improve clarity. Note that the depth interval for March 98 is different from the other seasons.


3.4. Nutrient dynamics during emersion
Remarkable changes in nitrate and SRP concentrations in the upper layers were observed during emersion, whereas deeper layers (>10 mm) showed only slight changes (Fig. 4). A linear regression analysis revealed that the rates of change in nitrate concentration during emersion were statistically significant (P<0.05) for most samples of the top 10 mm sediments, ranging from -6.6 to 4.8 mol N l-1 bulk sed. h-1 (Fig. 5). These rates were positive in May 1998, negligible in March 1998, and negative in both September 1998 and November 1998. However, the rates of change in nitrate concentration approached zero below 20 mm depth. Ammonium concentration decreased with time, except for the summer samples, where they increased (Fig. 4). The rates of change in ammonium concentration were near constant with depth, in contrast to the rates measured for other nutrient species ( Fig. 5). The maximum rate of decrease in ammonium concentration (-22.9 mol N l-1 bulk sed. h-1) was observed in the deeper layer (20–25 mm) in spring, whereas the maximum rate of increase (11.8 mol N l-1 bulk sed. h-1) was observed in the deepest layer (90–100 mm) in summer (not shown). Few statistically significant rates of change in SRP concentration were measured (Fig. 5); the greater changes were observed in the upper layers than in the deeper layers (>30 mm).

/science?_ob=MiamiCaptionURL&_method=retrieve&_udi=B6WDV-492VP23-5&_image=fig5&_ba=7&_coverDate=08%2F31%2F2003&_aset=W-WA-A-A-VV-MsSAYVW-UUW-AUZDYYCYDA-DZWZWWUB-VV-U&_rdoc=3&_orig=search&_fmt=full&_cdi=6776&view=c&_acct=C000011439&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=137179&md5=5ffd563791f7ca189917556c36fe921a(12K)
Fig. 5. Rates of change in interstitial nitrate+nitrite (a), ammonium (b), and SRP (c) concentrations (mol N or P l-1 bulk sed. h-1) during the whole period of emersion. Seasons: March 1998 (); May 1998 (); September 1998 (); and November 1998 (). The rates were calculated using a linear regression analysis. Plots with asterisks indicate statistically significant rates of change at the 5% level.
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3.5. Nutrient dynamics at immersion
Nitrate and SRP concentrations in the top layers showed marked changes at immersion as well as during emersion, except for November 1998 samples (Fig. 4). In general, the concentrations of nitrate and SRP in the top 10 mm layers showed decreasing trends at immersion although few cases exhibited statistically significant differences (Fig. 6). These declines resulted in loss of the nitrate pool (-4 to 68%, mean: 32.8%) and the SRP pool (-4 to 44%, mean: 20.8%) in the top 10 mm of sediments. The patterns of change in ammonium concentration were constant with depth except for those measured in May 1998 (Fig. 6).

/science?_ob=MiamiCaptionURL&_method=retrieve&_udi=B6WDV-492VP23-5&_image=fig6&_ba=8&_coverDate=08%2F31%2F2003&_aset=W-WA-A-A-VV-MsSAYVW-UUW-AUZDYYCYDA-DZWZWWUB-VV-U&_rdoc=3&_orig=search&_fmt=full&_cdi=6776&view=c&_acct=C000011439&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=137179&md5=a6dab0c1860132389f10e3f6e51b45ab(12K)
Fig. 6. Differences in interstitial nitrate+nitrite (a), ammonium (b), and SRP (c) concentrations (after immersion–before immersion) (M). Seasons: March 1998 (); May 1998 (); September 1998 (); and November 1998 (). Plots with asterisks indicate statistically significant differences in concentration at the 5% level using a one-way ANOVA (n=3).

4. Discussion

4.1. Porewater hydrology
The water content of the Banzu intertidal surface sediment did not change significantly following emersion although a measurable fluctuation was observed for the water table depth (where pore pressure equals atmospheric pressure) (Fig. 2). This could be attributed to the development of a capillary fringe above the water table depth (where pore pressure is less than atmospheric pressure) and a high moisture retention capacity at the top of the sandy sediments ( [Drabsch, Parnell, Hume and Dolphin, 1999]) ( Fig. 7). Hence, interstitial water and solutes were probably held at the surface during emersion and little transport occurred into deeper sediments. [Drabsch, Parnell, Hume and Dolphin, 1999] found that the water table fell only a few centimeters below the sediment surface of an intertidal sandflat in Manukau Harbour, New Zealand, and the top of the sediments remained close to saturation throughout the tidal cycle. [Hemond and Fifield, 1982] examined the hydrological regime in a peaty, New England marsh and found seepage rates to be low, and also found that sediments remained saturated throughout the tidal cycle. In contrast, emersion of intertidal areas resulted in surface sediment water contents decreasing by 3.5% at Tama estuary in Tokyo Bay ( [Usui, Koike and Ogura, 1998]), and by more than 10% in Sado estuary ( [Rocha, 1998]). The main reason for the discrepancy in water content dynamics during emersion between sites is probably due to differences in the length of emersion time, topographical slope, and substrate type (permeability). It is also possible that porewater around large macrobenthic burrows is more mobile ( [Allanson, Skinner and Imberger, 1992]), and therefore independent of capillary fringe processes. This greater fluid channeling through burrows may influence nutrient dynamics. Nevertheless, during emersion, the influence of advection on porewater nutrient dynamics is minor at our site.

/science?_ob=MiamiCaptionURL&_method=retrieve&_udi=B6WDV-492VP23-5&_image=fig7&_ba=9&_coverDate=08%2F31%2F2003&_aset=W-WA-A-A-VV-MsSAYVW-UUW-AUZDYYCYDA-DZWZWWUB-VV-U&_rdoc=3&_orig=search&_fmt=full&_cdi=6776&view=c&_acct=C000011439&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=137179&md5=5211b6126e13f3e8c98dd58eb55cda55(22K)
Fig. 7. Condition of the surface sediment ca. 30 min before immersion. The sediment remained saturated.


4.2. Effect of diffusive fluxes and production during emersion
The porewater hydrology described above shows that all spatial transport of solutes in the sediment is assumed to have taken place by one-dimensional diffusion, i.e., both horizontal and vertical advections caused by hydraulic gradients or water table movement, can be neglected. Therefore, the observed rate of change in porewater nutrient concentration should be governed by molecular diffusive transport and production:

where C is the concentration of the nutrient species in the porewater, t the time, x the depth, and P is the rate of production or consumption of the nutrient species per unit volume of sediment. The porosity () and the whole sediment diffusion coefficient (DS) were assumed to be constant with depth and time. Data shown in Fig. 5 were used for the left hand. The first right-hand term is the diffusive flux contribution per unit volume of sediment as described by Fick's second law of diffusion ( [Berner, 1980]). The diffusive flux contribution was calculated for each sampling time during emersion and then averaged. Using this equation, P was estimated for each nutrient species and each depth.
Table 3 shows that several diffusive fluxes of nutrient species during emersion contributed greatly to the observed rate of change in the porewater nutrient concentration of the surface sediment (0–10 mm). The influence of diffusive flux is less for the subsurface layer (10–40 mm). This reflects steeper nutrient concentration gradients in the near-surface compared to the deeper environment (Fig. 4).

Table 3. Observed rate of change in porewater nutrient concentration (Obs), diffusive flux contribution (Diff), and rate of nutrient production (Prod) during emersion
/science?_ob=MiamiCaptionURL&_method=retrieve&_udi=B6WDV-492VP23-5&_image=tbl3&_ba=10&_coverDate=08%2F31%2F2003&_aset=W-WA-A-A-VV-MsSAYVW-UUW-AUZDYYCYDA-DZWZWWUB-VV-U&_rdoc=3&_orig=search&_fmt=full&_cdi=6776&view=c&_acct=C000011439&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=137179&md5=3f7bad2b4b4b898240a2d61213f1f742(<1K)

The range of the estimated production rates were: (1) nitrate: -4.9 to 5.5 mmol N m-3 bulk sed. h-1; (2) ammonium: -18.6 to 9.4 mmol N m-3 bulk sed. h-1; and (3) SRP: -1.9 to 2.6 mmol P m-3 bulk sed. h-1 (Table 3). Obviously, much higher nitrate concentrations in the surface sediment than in the overlying water ( Fig. 4) indicate a high nitrification activity in the Banzu intertidal flat sediment. Moreover, in situ nitrification rates are likely to be higher than the estimated nitrate production rates, which may include microbial nitrate reduction as well as nitrification. Nevertheless, in general, only the topmost layer showed nitrate production, being the main site of nitrification ( [Koike and Sørensen, 1988]). Nitrate in the 2.5–10.0 mm sediment was supplied through molecular diffusion from the topmost layer (0–2.5 mm) and was largely consumed within this layer. This indicates that microbial nitrate reduction within the subsurface sediment, including denitrification and dissimilatory ammonification ([Fenchel, King and Blackburn, 1998]), is strongly supported by diffusive influx of nitrate from the surface sediment, where nitrification activity is high. Supply of high concentrations of nitrate into deeper layers during emersion may support some stocks of nitrate and the stimulation of deeper layer denitrification ( [Alongi, Tirendi, Dixon, Trott and Brunskill, 1999]). [Alongi, Tirendi, Dixon, Trott and Brunskill, 1999] speculated that the rapid denitrification rates measured for intertidal mudflat and mangrove forest sediments reflect a vertically expanded zone of denitrification caused by the presence of nitrate in deeper sediments.
In summer, the rate of estimated ammonium production was stimulated for all of the sediment layers (Table 3); this coincided with the highest observed temperatures ( Fig. 3). Estimated ammonium production processes probably include dissimilatory ammonium production and mineralization. Temperature dependence of benthic mineralization has been observed for various shallow environments (e.g. [Jørgensen and Sørensen, 1985, Middelburg et al., 1996 and Trimmer, Nedwell, Sivyer and Malcolm, 2000]). In addition, low Eh within the deeper layers ( Fig. 3) is an evidence of anaerobic decomposition of accumulated organic matter. Dissimilatory ammonium production in the deeper layers was probably only a minor contributor to total estimated ammonium production due to low nitrate concentrations ( Fig. 4).
We plotted the estimated production rates of nitrate and ammonium versus the emersion time of the sediment in order to investigate if emersion-related oxygenation influences production rates in the subsurface layer (2.5–10 mm) (Fig. 8). The rate of estimated nitrate production was stimulated in proportion to the emersion time (r=0.80, P=0.029) although no statistically significant relationship was found between the rate of estimated ammonium production and the emersion time (r=0.51, P=0.240). These relationships indicate a weakening of the anoxic environment by oxygenation during emersion, and subsequent (1) stimulation of nitrification; or (2) inhibition of nitrate reduction; or (3) a combination of both processes. With regard to this emersion-related oxygenation, [Koch, Maltby, Oliver and Bakker, 1992] found that Eh increased during emersion of mudflat subsurface sediments (3–5 mm) in River Torridge, England. Our observed relationship between the rate of estimated nitrate production and the emersion time is consistent with nitrate behavior in Tama estuary sediments, Japan, where the nitrate pool was constant or slightly increased 3–4 h after the onset of emersion ([Usui, Koike and Ogura, 1998]).

/science?_ob=MiamiCaptionURL&_method=retrieve&_udi=B6WDV-492VP23-5&_image=fig8&_ba=11&_coverDate=08%2F31%2F2003&_aset=W-WA-A-A-VV-MsSAYVW-UUW-AUZDYYCYDA-DZWZWWUB-VV-U&_rdoc=3&_orig=search&_fmt=full&_cdi=6776&view=c&_acct=C000011439&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=137179&md5=70bf3a2faa8851df520795fe883ec2e4(5K)
Fig. 8. Estimated nitrate (a) and ammonium (b) production rates (mol N l-1 bulk sed. h-1) (depth: 2.5–10 mm) versus emersion time. The estimated production rates were calculated by subtracting molecular diffusive fluxes from the observed rates of change in concentration (see Table 3). Negative values indicate the consumption of nutrients.

Understanding the other mechanisms affecting porewater nutrient concentration needs further investigation. For instance, porewater nutrients can be assimilated by microphytobenthos during emersion as well as during immersion because of their high levels of productivity at the site ([Kuwae, Hosokawa and Eguchi, 1998]). The decrease in SRP concentration on sunny days of September 1998 and November 1998 ( Table 1; Fig. 4) might support the active microalgal photosynthesis and the following uptake of SRP from porewater during emersion. Diurnal variation in nitrification and denitrification can also mediate the pool size of nutrients ( [Ottosen, Risgaard-Petersen, Nielsen and Dalsgaard, 2001]). Using a new 15N-ammonium spray technique, [Ottosen, Risgaard-Petersen, Nielsen and Dalsgaard, 2001] demonstrated that coupled nitrification–denitrification rates during the day were lower than at night in exposed intertidal mudflats of the Tagus estuary. As for the depth profile of nutrients, the effect of infaunal bioturbation may be important for our site because the dense population of the polychaetes Armandia sp. and Pseudopolydra sp. was observed (Table 2). Sediment reworking by these animals can stimulate the homogenization of nutrient concentrations within the sediment column. In addition, data on the fraction of nutrients adsorbed on the sediment particles can help to understand the dynamics of porewater ammonium and SRP ( [Rocha, 1998 and Sundareshwar and Morris, 1999]).
4.3. Nutrient dynamics at immersion
The concentration of interstitial nutrients changed markedly at immersion, however, with the exception of the decrease in nitrate and SRP in the surface layer, the concentration patterns were not simple (Fig. 6). For instance, in the topmost sediment sampled in May 1998, the concentration of nitrate and SRP decreased, but that of ammonium markedly increased. These complicated results relate partially to the low time resolution of the dynamics of each nutrient during the transitional tidal phase. Nevertheless, nitrate loss in surface sediments at immersion has also been reported by [Rocha and Cabral, 1998]. They showed approximately 80% of the nitrate pool to be flushed at immersion of the Sado estuary. Similar results were reported for ammonium and SRP ( [Rocha, Cabeçadas and Brogueira, 1995, Falcão and Vale, 1998 and Rocha, 1998]). [Rocha, Cabeçadas and Brogueira, 1995] found that an abrupt rise in ammonium concentration occurred in the water column during the first hour of immersion in the Sado estuary. [Falcão and Vale, 1998] showed that during 20 min of immersion, large quantities of ammonium and SRP were transported to the overlying water in a coastal lagoon of Ria Formosa. [Rocha, 1998] reported that ~75% of total (dissolved and exchangeable) sedimentary ammonium was exported within 45 min of immersion.
Factors affecting solute dynamics during immersion can include (1) infiltration; (2) molecular diffusion; (3) external forces caused by tidal currents and waves; (4) free convention; and (5) bioturbation. The effect of infiltration is possibly not large for our case, because water content in the sediment did not change according to tidal regime. We calculated mass transport of interstitial nutrients occurred by molecular diffusion within the sediments (Diff(s)) and across the sediment–water interface (Diff(s–w)) (Table 4). The contribution of molecular diffusion to mass transport of nutrients after immersion in the top 10 mm sediments was minor for both Diff(s) (-2 to 26%, mean: 3.5%) and Diff(s–w) (-4 to 32%, mean: 9.2%). Therefore, the decrease in some interstitial nutrients in the surface layer cannot be explained by molecular diffusion alone. The external forces caused by tidal currents and waves can account for mixing of porewater with overlying water. [de Jonge and van Beusekom, 1995] speculated that the surface layer is more permeable as a result of hydrodynamic reworking. [Inoue and Nakamura, 2000] have shown theoretically that an abrupt increase in shear velocity can lead to a drastic increase in the SRP flux (1.7 times higher than steady state) at the sediment–water interface during the first 30 min of the experiment. They speculated that turbulent diffusion resulted in the rapid upward transport of accumulated SRP within the concentration boundary layer. In addition, [Inoue and Nakamura, 2000] found that a steep oxygen concentration increase in overlying water resulted in a change in the direction as well as the rate of SRP flux, due to enhancement of SRP adsorption by the sediment. Our complicated porewater nutrient dynamics at immersion may be partially explained by these externally controlled physico-chemical interactions. Free convection due to the temperature gradients within sediments, and between sediments and flooding water, can also promote mixing of porewater with overlying water ( [Webster, Norquay, Ross and Wooding, 1996, Rocha, 1998 and Rocha and Cabral, 1998]). Many workers have suggested that macrofaunal reworking can cause much higher nutrient fluxes than molecular diffusion (e.g. [Kikuchi, 1986, Webster, 1992, Mortimer et al., 1999 and Christensen, Vedel and Kristensen, 2000]). The macrofaunal abundance at our site ( Table 3), and associated enhanced bioturbation, would also increase nutrient efflux from the sediments.

Table 4. Inventory of porewater nutrients (mol N or P m-2, depth: 0–10 mm) before (B) and after (A) immersion
/science?_ob=MiamiCaptionURL&_method=retrieve&_udi=B6WDV-492VP23-5&_image=tbl4&_ba=12&_coverDate=08%2F31%2F2003&_aset=W-WA-A-A-VV-MsSAYVW-UUW-AUZDYYCYDA-DZWZWWUB-VV-U&_rdoc=3&_orig=search&_fmt=full&_cdi=6776&view=c&_acct=C000011439&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=137179&md5=661284e30ae6eca56edc7f90dcc779b7(11K)

All of the processes described above promote mixing of porewater with overlying water. Thus, in our case, mixing of low-nutrient overlying water (Fig. 4) with nutrient-rich porewater results in porewater nutrient depletion by dilution. Therefore, the increase in porewater ammonium for May 1998 is attributed to other mechanisms. These may include ongoing microbial reactions after emersion, and other mechanisms, such as stimulation of macrofaunal excretion during sediment reworking.
In summary, the water content in the surface sediment of the Banzu intertidal sandflat does not change significantly although a measurable decline in water table depth during emersion is found. Consequently, it is concluded that the influence of advective transport caused by a fluctuating water table on porewater nutrient dynamics is minor for our site. During emersion, both the production and diffusive flux of nutrient species greatly contribute to the observed rate of change in porewater nutrient concentration for the surface sediment. Microbial nitrate reduction within the subsurface sediment appears to be strongly fueled by downward diffusive flux of nitrate from the surface sediment. A promotion of estimated nitrate production rate proportional to the emersion time of the subsurface layer indicates a weakening of the anoxic environment by oxygenation during emersion, and subsequent stimulation of nitrification or inhibition of nitrate reduction. The marked decrease in interstitial nitrate and SRP concentrations in the surface layer at immersion cannot be explained by molecular diffusion alone.



Acknowledgements
We thank P.B. Christensen, Y. Uchiyama, A. Sohma, Y. Hosokawa and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. We also thank E. Miyoshi for his kind help during fieldwork. This research was supported in part by a grant from the Ministry of the Environment, Japan.
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Ottosen, Risgaard-Petersen, Nielsen and Dalsgaard, 2001. L.D.M. Ottosen, N. Risgaard-Petersen, L.P. Nielsen and T. Dalsgaard, Denitrification in exposed intertidal mud-flats, measured with a new 15N-ammonium spray technique. Marine Ecology Progress Series 209 (2001), pp. 35–42. Abstract-OceanBase | Abstract-BIOTECHNOBASE | Abstract-GEOBASE | Abstract-Elsevier BIOBASE
Parkin, 1990. T.B. Parkin, Characterizing the variability of soil denitrification. In: N.P. Revsbech and J. Sørensen, Editors, Denitrification in soil and sediment, Plenum Press, New York, NY (1990), pp. 213–228.
Rocha, 1998. C. Rocha, Rhythmic ammonium regeneration and flushing in intertidal sediments of the Sado estuary. Limnology and Oceanography 43 (1998), pp. 823–831. Abstract-OceanBase | Abstract-GEOBASE
Rocha, Cabeçadas and Brogueira, 1995. C. Rocha, G. Cabeçadas and M.J. Brogueira, On the importance of sediment–water exchange processes of ammonia to primary production in shallow areas of the Sado estuary (Portugal). Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology 29 (1995), pp. 265–273. Abstract-GEOBASE
Rocha and Cabral, 1998. C. Rocha and A.P. Cabral, The influence of tidal action on porewater nitrate concentration and dynamics in intertidal sediments of the Sado estuary. Estuaries 21 (1998), pp. 635–645. Abstract-OceanBase | Abstract-BIOTECHNOBASE | Abstract-GEOBASE
Seitzinger, 1988. S.P. Seitzinger, Denitrification in freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems: ecological and geochemical significance. Limnology and Oceanography 33 (1988), pp. 702–724. Abstract-GEOBASE
Strickland and Parsons, 1972. J.D.H. Strickland and T.R. Parsons, A practical handbook of seawater analysis. (2nd ed.),Bulletin 167, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa (1972) (310 pp.) .
Sundareshwar and Morris, 1999. P.V. Sundareshwar and J.T. Morris, Phosphorus sorption characteristics of intertidal marsh sediments along an estuarine salinity gradient. Limnology and Oceanography 44 (1999), pp. 1693–1701. Abstract-GEOBASE | Abstract-OceanBase | Abstract-Elsevier BIOBASE
Sweerts, Kelly, Rudd, Hesslein and Cappenberg, 1991. J.P.R.A. Sweerts, C.A. Kelly, J.W.M. Rudd, R. Hesslein and T.E. Cappenberg, Similarity of whole-sediment molecular diffusion coefficients in freshwater sediments of low and high porosity. Limnology and Oceanography 36 (1991), pp. 335–342. Abstract-FLUIDEX | Abstract-GEOBASE
Trimmer, Nedwell, Sivyer and Malcolm, 2000. M. Trimmer, D.B. Nedwell, D.B. Sivyer and S.J. Malcolm, Seasonal benthic organic matter mineralisation measured by oxygen uptake and denitrification along a transect of the inner and outer River Thames estuary, UK. Marine Ecology Progress Series 197 (2000), pp. 103–119. Abstract-OceanBase | Abstract-BIOTECHNOBASE | Abstract-GEOBASE | Abstract-Elsevier BIOBASE
Uchiyama, Nadaoka, Rölke, Adachi and Yagi, 2000. Y. Uchiyama, K. Nadaoka, P. Rölke, K. Adachi and H. Yagi, Submarine groundwater discharge into the sea and associated nutrient transport in a sandy beach. Water Resources Research 36 (2000), pp. 1467–1479. Abstract-Compendex | Abstract-GEOBASE | Abstract-Elsevier BIOBASE
Usui, Koike and Ogura, 1998. T. Usui, I. Koike and N. Ogura, Tidal effect on dynamics of pore water nitrate in intertidal sediment of a eutrophic estuary. Journal of Oceanography 54 (1998), pp. 205–216. Abstract-OceanBase | Abstract-GEOBASE | Abstract-BIOTECHNOBASE
Webster, 1992. I.T. Webster, Wave enhancement of solute exchange within empty burrows. Limnology and Oceanography 37 (1992), pp. 630–643. Abstract-GEOBASE | Abstract-OceanBase | Abstract-GEOBASE
Webster, Norquay, Ross and Wooding, 1996. I.T. Webster, S.J. Norquay, F.C. Ross and R.A. Wooding, Solute exchange by convection within estuarine sediments. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 42 (1996), pp. 171–183. Abstract | PDF (1183 K)
Yelverton and Hackney, 1986. G.F. Yelverton and C.T. Hackney, Flux of dissolved organic carbon and pore water through the substrate of a Spartina alterniflora marsh in North Carolina. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 22 (1986), pp. 255–267. Abstract-Compendex | Abstract-GEOBASE
  #24  
Old 11/01/2003, 02:22 PM
Yellotang Yellotang is offline
Mr. Leaks A Lot!
 
Join Date: Jun 2001
Location: Pasco,Washington. A.K.A. The Tri-Cites.
Posts: 1,938
I think I will post the titles and you tell me which ones you want.
  #25  
Old 11/01/2003, 02:30 PM
Yellotang Yellotang is offline
Mr. Leaks A Lot!
 
Join Date: Jun 2001
Location: Pasco,Washington. A.K.A. The Tri-Cites.
Posts: 1,938
1.
Rapid shrinkage of Kushiro Mire, the largest mire in Japan, due to increased sedimentation associated with land-use development in the catchment, CATENA, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 26 August 2003,
F. Nakamura, S. Kameyama and S. Mizugaki
SummaryPlus | Full Text + Links | PDF (3619 K)


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2.
Origin and global tectonic significance of Early Archean cherts from the Marble Bar greenstone belt, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia, Precambrian Research, Volume 125, Issues 3-4, 25 August 2003, Pages 191-243
Yasuhiro Kato and Kentaro Nakamura
SummaryPlus | Full Text + Links | PDF (3620 K)


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3.
Effect of emersion and immersion on the porewater nutrient dynamics of an intertidal sandflat in Tokyo Bay, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, Volume 57, Issues 5-6, August 2003, Pages 929-940
Tomohiro Kuwae, Eiji Kibe and Yoshiyuki Nakamura
SummaryPlus | Full Text + Links | PDF (389 K)


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4.
Sediment oxygen consumption and vertical flux of organic matter in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, Volume 56, Issue 2, February 2003, Pages 213-220
Y. Nakamura
SummaryPlus | Full Text + Links | PDF (237 K)


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5.
Assay of phosphatase activity and ATP biomass in tideland sediments and classification of the intertidal area using chemical values, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 47, Issues 1-6, January-June 2003, Pages 5-9
Ken-ichi Nakamura and Chieko Takaya
SummaryPlus | Full Text + Links | PDF (189 K)


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6.
Radiocarbon dating of tephra layers: recent progress in Japan, Quaternary International, Volume 105, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 49-56
Mitsuru Okuno and Toshio Nakamura
SummaryPlus | Full Text + Links | PDF (1095 K)


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7.
Sediment facies and Late Holocene progradation of the Mekong River Delta in Bentre Province, southern Vietnam: an example of evolution from a tide-dominated to a tide- and wave-dominated delta, Sedimentary Geology, Volume 152, Issues 3-4, 1 October 2002, Pages 313-325
Thi Kim Oanh Ta, Van Lap Nguyen, Masaaki Tateishi, Iwao Kobayashi, Yoshiki Saito and Toshio Nakamura
SummaryPlus | Full Text + Links | PDF (568 K)


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8.
Surface expression of fluid venting at the toe of the Nankai wedge and implications for flow paths, Marine Geology, Volume 187, Issues 1-2, 20 July 2002, Pages 119-143
Pierre Henry, Siegfried Lallemant, Ko-ichi Nakamura, Urumu Tsunogai, Stephane Mazzotti and Kazuo Kobayashi
SummaryPlus | Full Text + Links | PDF (2982 K)


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9.
Is amino acid chronology applicable to the estimation of the geological age of siliceous sediments?, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 198, Issues 3-4, 15 May 2002, Pages 257-266
Naomi Harada, Tomomi Kondo, Koji Fukuma, Masao Uchida, Toshio Nakamura, Masao Iwai, Masafumi Murayama, Toshikatsu Sugawara and Masashi Kusakabe
Abstract | PDF (310 K)


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10.
Comparison of elemental quantity by PIXE and ICP-MS and/or ICP-AES for NIST standards, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Volume 189, Issues 1-4, April 2002, Pages 86-93
K. Saitoh, K. Sera, T. Gotoh and M. Nakamura
SummaryPlus | Full Text + Links | PDF (76 K)


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11.
Climate-induced variations of cosmogenic beryllium-10 in the sediments of Lake Baikal of the last 150 ky from AMS, SRXRF and NAA data, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators,Spectrometers,Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 470, Issues 1-2, 1 September 2001, Pages 396-404
K. Horiuchi, E. L. Goldberg, K. Kobayashi, T. Oda, T. Nakamura and T. Kawai
SummaryPlus | Full Text + Links | PDF (504 K)


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12.
The new BDP-98 600-m drill core from Lake Baikal: a key late Cenozoic sedimentary section in continental Asia, Quaternary International, Volumes 80-81, 7 June 2001, Pages 19-36
V. Antipin, T. Afonina, O. Badalov, E. Bezrukova, A. Bukharov, V. Bychinsky, A. A. Dmitriev, R. Dorofeeva, A. Duchkov, O. Esipko et al.
SummaryPlus | Full Text + Links | PDF (1398 K)


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13.
The reference spectral noise ratio method to evaluate the seismic response of a site, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Volume 20, Issues 5-8, December 2000, Pages 381-388
L. M. Fernandez and M. B. C. Brandt
SummaryPlus | Full Text + Links | PDF (330 K)


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14.
Amplification effects from earthquakes and ambient noise in the Dead Sea rift (Israel), Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Volume 20, Issues 1-4, 6 October 2000, Pages 187-207
Y. Zaslavsky, A. Shapira and A. A. Arzi
SummaryPlus | Full Text + Links | PDF (1267 K)


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15.
Climate-induced fluctuations of 10Be concentration in Lake Baikal sediments, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Volume 172, Issues 1-4, October 2000, Pages 562-567
K. Horiuchi, K. Kobayashi, T. Oda, T. Nakamura, C. Fujimura, H. Matsuzaki and Y. Shibata
SummaryPlus | Full Text + Links | PDF (600 K)


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16.
Geochemical record of the Holocene Jomon transgression and human activity in coastal lagoon sediments of the San'in district, SW Japan, Global and Planetary Change, Volume 25, Issues 3-4, August 2000, Pages 223-237
H. Ishiga, T. Nakamura, Y. Sampei, T. Tokuoka and K. Takayasu
SummaryPlus | Full Text + Links | PDF (753 K)


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17.
Palaeoenvironmental history of Lake Baikal during the last 23000 years, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 157, Issues 1-2, 15 March 2000, Pages 95-108
K. Horiuchi, K. Minoura, K. Hoshino, T. Oda, T. Nakamura and T. Kawai
SummaryPlus | Full Text + Links | PDF (356 K)


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18.
Seismic microzonation in Australia, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, Volume 18, Issue 1, February 2000, Pages 3-15
Vagn H. Jensen
Abstract


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19.
Degree of pollution for marine sediments, Engineering Geology, Volume 53, Issue 2, June 1999, Pages 131-137
M. Fukue, T. Nakamura, Y. Kato and S. Yamasaki
SummaryPlus | Full Text + Links | PDF (320 K)


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20.
Across-arc variation of Li isotopes in lavas and implications for crust/mantle recycling at subduction zones, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 163, Issues 1-4, November 1998, Pages 167-174
Takuya Moriguti and Eizo Nakamura
SummaryPlus | Full Text + Links | PDF (389 K)


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21.
Late Pleistocene-Holocene paleoproductivity circulation in the Japan Sea: sea-level control on 13C and 15N records of sediment organic material, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 135, Issues 1-4, 5 December 1997, Pages 41-50
K. Minoura, K. Hoshino, T. Nakamura and E. Wada
Abstract | PDF (619 K)


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22.
14C dating of sediment samples, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Volume 123, Issues 1-4, 2 March 1997, Pages 455-459
W. Kretschmer, G. Anton, M. Bergmann, E. Finckh, B. Kowalzik, M. Klein, M. Leigart, S. Merz, G. Morgenroth, I. Piringer et al.
Abstract | Abstract + References | PDF (365 K)


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23.
AMS 14C chronological study of holocene activities in active faults in Japan, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Volume 123, Issues 1-4, 2 March 1997, Pages 464-469
Toshio Nakamura, Makoto Okamura, Kunihiko Shimazaki, Takashi Nakata, Noboru Chida, Yasuhiro Suzuki, Mitsuru Okuno and Akiko Ikeda
Abstract | Abstract + References | PDF (626 K)


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24.
Influences of channelization on discharge of suspended sediment and wetland vegetation in Kushiro Marsh, northern Japan, Geomorphology, Volume 18, Issues 3-4, March 1997, Pages 279-289
Futoshi Nakamura, Tadashi Sudo, Satoshi Kameyama and Mieko Jitsu
Abstract | PDF (688 K)


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25.
Some methodological developments in the analysis of sediment transport processes using age distribution of floodplain deposits, Geomorphology, Volume 16, Issue 2, June 1996, Pages 139-145
Futoshi Nakamura and Shun-ichi Kikuchi
Abstract | Abstract + References | PDF (493 K)


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26.
Earthquake site-response study in Giumri (formerly Leninakan), Armenia, using ambient noise observations, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science & Geomechanics Abstracts, Volume 33, Issue 3, April 1996, Page 122A
E. H. Field
Abstract


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27.
A new criterion for the continuous operation of supersettlers in the bottom feeding mode, International Journal of Multiphase Flow, Volume 22, Issue 2, April 1996, Pages 353-361
A. Tripathi and A. Acrivos
Abstract | Abstract + References | PDF (530 K)


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28.
A theoretical study on operational condition of hypolimnetic aerators, Water Science and Technology, Volume 34, Issues 7-8, 1996, Pages 211-218
Y. Nakamura and T. Inoue
Abstract


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29.
Benthic foraminifera cadmium record from the western equatorial Pacific, Marine Geology, Volume 127, Issues 1-4, September 1995, Pages 167-180
N. Ohkouchi, H. Kawahata, M. Okada, M Murayama, E. Matsumoto, T. Nakamura and A. Taira
Abstract | Abstract + References | PDF (1227 K)


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30.
Interaction between humic acids and copper(II) oxinate, Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 289, Issue 2, 29 April 1994, Pages 223-230
Masami Fukushima, Mitsuhiko Taga and Hiroshi Nakamura
Abstract


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31.
Boron isotope systematics of marine sediments, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 117, Issues 3-4, June 1993, Pages 567-580
Tsuyoshi Ishikawa and Eizo Nakamura
Abstract


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32.
Terrain evaluation under water, Journal of Terramechanics, Volume 28, Issues 2-3, 1991, Pages 177-187
Masaharu Fukue, Takashige Kobayashi and Takaaki Nakamura
Abstract


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33.
Rare earth elements of Pacific pelagic sediments, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Volume 54, Issue 4, April 1990, Pages 1093-1103
Kazuhiro Toyoda, Yuji Nakamura and Akimasa Masuda
Abstract


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34.
Application of 14C-dating to sedimentary geology and climatology: sea-level and climate change during the holocene, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Volume 29, Issues 1-2, 2 November 1987, Pages 228-231
Nobuyuki Nakai, Shyoji Ohishi and Toyoko KuriyamaToshio Nakamura
Abstract


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35.
Applications of environmental 14C measured by AMS as a carbon tracer, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Volume 29, Issues 1-2, 2 November 1987, Pages 355-360
Toshio NakamuraNobuyuki Nakai and Shoji Ohishi
Abstract


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36.
Deep-sea submersible survey in the Suruga, Sagami and Japan Trenches: preliminary results of the 1985 Kaiko cruise, Leg 2, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 83, Issues 1-4, May 1987, Pages 300-312
Guy Pautot, Kazuaki Nakamura, Philippe Huchon, Jacques Angelier, Jacques Bourgois, Kantaro Fujioka, Toshihiko Kanazawa, Yasuo Nakamura, Yujiro Ogawa, Michel Séguret and Akira Takeuchi
Abstract


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37.
The October 1983 eruption of Miyakejima volcano, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Volume 29, Issues 1-4, September 1986, Pages 203-229
S. Aramaki, Y. Hayakawa, T. Fujii, K. Nakamura and T. Fukuoka
Abstract


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38.
Geotechnical properties of submarine sediments in the Seto Island sea : Okusa, S; Nakamura, T; Dohi, N Marine Geotechnol V5, N2, 1983, P131–152, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science & Geomechanics Abstracts, Volume 21, Issue 6, December 1984, Page 208




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39.
Distribution of organosiloxanes (silicones) in water, sediments and fish from the Nagara River watershed, Japan, The Science of The Total Environment, Volume 35, Issue 1, 5 April 1984, Pages 91-97
Norito Watanabe, Tetsuo Nakamura, Eidi WatanabeEiichi SatoYouki Ose
Abstract


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40.
Determination of trace amounts of siloxanes in water, sediments and fish tissues by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry, The Science of The Total Environment, Volume 34, Issues 1-2, 1 March 1984, Pages 169-176
N. Watanabe, Y. Yasuda, K. Kato and T. NakamuraR. Funasaka and K. ShimokawaE. SatoY. Ose
Abstract


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41.
Uptake and release of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons by short-necked clams (Tapes japonica), Water Research, Volume 17, Issue 9, 1983, Pages 1183-1187
Hirotaka Obana, Shinjiro Hori, Akio Nakamura and Takashi Kashimoto
Abstract


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42.
Rat ovary glucocorticoid receptor: Identification and characterization, Steroids, Volume 39, Issue 5, May 1982, Pages 569-584
James R. Schreiber, Kevin Nakamura and Gregory F. Erickson
Abstract


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43.
Determination of total organic nitrogen and organometallic nickel in oil, sediments and marine products : Nakamura, Akio and Takashi Kashimoto, 1979. Bull. environ. Contamin. Toxicol., 22(3): 345–349, Deep Sea Research Part B. Oceanographic Literature Review, Volume 26, Issue 12, 1979, Page 769




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44.
The geological environment of Matsukawa geothermal area, Japan, Geothermics, Volume 2, Part 1, 1970, Pages 221-231
H. Nakamura, K. Sumi, K. Katagiri and T. Iwata
Abstract
 

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